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\author[1]{Sarah Baird}
\author[2]{Berk Ozler}
\author[2]{Chiara Dell'Aira}
\author[3]{Luca Parisotto}
\author[4]{Danish Us-Salam}
\affil[1]{\small Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC\\corresponding author; sbaird@gwu.edu}
\affil[2]{\small Development Research Group, The World Bank, Washington, DC}
\affil[3]{\small Department of Economics, Bocconi University, Milano}
\affil[4]{\small Behavioural Consumer Finance Unit, Central Bank of Ireland}


\title{Therapy, Mental Health, and Human Capital Accumulation among Adolescents in Uganda}


\begin{document}
\date{\today}

\maketitle

\vspace{-1cm} 

\begin{abstract} 
Using a cluster-randomized controlled trial, this study evaluates the impact of group-based interpersonal therapy (IPT-G) on mental health and human capital accumulation among adolescent girls in Uganda who were at risk of moderate to severe depression at baseline. The study was designed to test whether lay provider–led IPT-G for adolescents could be effectively implemented using modest resources in a low-income country. It also tested whether a lump-sum cash transfer offered at the end of therapy provided any additional benefit. The therapy intervention alone increased the share of individuals with no depression by 5.4 percentage points (from 18.4\% in the control group) 12 months after therapy, but these effects dissipated by the 30-month follow-up. Similarly, small positive effects on human capital accumulation at 12 months were not sustained at 30 months. Surprisingly, the marginal effect of offering cash transfers to IPT-G beneficiaries was large and negative on their mental health, persisting two years after baseline. The paper provides suggestive evidence that the adolescents were frustrated by their inability to use the cash toward their own goals because of the need to divert funds toward the essential needs of their families during the COVID-19 pandemic.
\end{abstract}

{\small \noindent \textbf{Keywords:} adolescence, mental health, group interpersonal psychotherapy, cash transfers, COVID-19 \\ \noindent \textbf{JEL Codes:} O10, C93, I15, J16, J13}



%--------------------------------------------- TOC ---------------------------------------------%
%\newpage 
%\tableofcontents
%--------------------------------------------- TOC ---------------------------------------------%



%----------------------------------------- Figures ---------------------------------------------%
\newpage
\section{Figures}
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%

%---------------------- TIMELINE 
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
  \caption{Study Timeline}
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Figures/Covid infographic.PNG}
  \label{fig:timeline}
\end{figure} 
{\footnotesize Sources: Case data obtained from \href{https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/uganda}{Our World in Data} COVID-19 case trackers; School closures data from \href{https://webarchive.unesco.org/web/20220625033513/https:/en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse}{UNESCO}'s Global Monitoring of School Closures; Reporting on election violence by \href{https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/21/uganda-elections-marred-violence/}{Human Rights Watch}; Reporting on the lockdown by \href{https://www.reuters.com/graphics/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/uganda/}{Reuters} COVID-19 response trackers.}

%------------------ Stats on attendance  
\newpage 
\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    %\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{Figures/attendance_cdf.png}
    \includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{Figures/attendance_pdf.png}
    \caption{Attendance, probability distribution.}
    \label{fig:attendance}
\end{figure}


%---------------------- CDFs Therapy 

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.495\textwidth]{Figures/cdf_phq8_iptg_r1.png}
    \includegraphics[width=.495\textwidth]{Figures/cdf_ghq12_iptg_r1.png}
    \includegraphics[width=.495\textwidth]{Figures/cdf_phq8_r2.png}
    \includegraphics[width=.495\textwidth]{Figures/cdf_ghq12_r2.png}
    \includegraphics[width=.495\textwidth]{Figures/cdf_phq8_r3.png}
    \includegraphics[width=.495\textwidth]{Figures/cdf_ghq12_r3.png}
    \caption{Cumulative distribution of mental health indicator scores.}
    \label{fig:cdfs_combined}
\end{figure}



%----------------------------------------- TABLES --------------------------------------------%
\newpage
\section{Tables}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------%


%------------------ Outcomes MH 
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Mental health outcomes and category at each survey round.}
        \label{tab:outcomes_mh} 
        \input{Tables/outcomes_mh} 
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \item Notes:  $\ast$ these outcomes were not measured during the midline survey because it was implemented over the phone instead of face-to-face given restrictions due to COVID-19, and thus had to be significantly shortened. 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

%------------------ Outcomes HC 
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Human capital outcomes and category at each survey round.}
        \label{tab:outcomes_hc} 
        \input{Tables/outcomes_hc} 
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \item Notes: $*$ Outcome is slightly different from the one that was pre-specified; $+$ The enrolment variable is defined as enrolled in school or enrolled when school was last in session if not currently in session, or has completed secondary schooling; $\dagger$ the competencies score could not be measured at midline because the survey was implemented over the phone because of restrictions due to COVID-19.
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}


%------------------ Balance 
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Balance at baseline.}
        \label{tab:balance} 
        \input{Tables/balance} 
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \item Notes: This table shows balance across treatment arms for the primary outcomes, select secondary outcomes, and baseline characteristics; F-test of joint significance tests the joint significance of the full set of coefficients from a linear regression of the balance variables on a treatment indicator estimated on the subsample including the two relevant groups. 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}


%------------------ Attrition

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Attrition by treatment.}
        \label{tab:attrition}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.22\textwidth}*{8}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.07\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) &(8) \\
            \cmidrule(lr){2-5}\cmidrule(lr){6-7}\cmidrule(lr){8-9}
            &\multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{Rapid Resurvey}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Midline}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Endline}}\\
            &\multicolumn{4}{c}{\textit{Immediate post-intervention}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{12 months}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{30 months}}\\        
            \primitiveinput{Tables/attrition} 
            \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \item Notes: This table shows the impact of treatment on attrition in each survey round; Columns 1-2 combine the IPT-G and IPT-G+ treatment arms because the cash was distributed after the rapid resurvey; Estimates are obtained by regressing an attrition indicator on treatment indicators and block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment, adjusted models also include centered baseline covariates fully interacted with the treatment indicator(s), covariates include the poverty probability score, age in years, ever married, ever pregnant, and the PHQ-8 score; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; t-tests report p-values from the indicated null hypothesis on the treatment coefficients; F-tests report p-values from tests of the joint significance of the full set of indicated coefficients (the in rows marked \textit{int.} refer to the full set of covariate interactions with the indicated treatment). 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

%------------------ Compliance

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Compliance with treatment assignment.}
        \label{tab:compliance}
        \input{Tables/compliance} 
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \item Notes: This table shows the impact of treatment on compliance with treatment assignment; Estimates obtained by regressing compliance on treatment indicators; Standard errors are clustered at the club level in parentheses.
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}



%------------------ Impact of therapy on mental health outcomes 


\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Impact of therapy on mental health outcomes.} 
        \label{tab:mh_ther_unadj}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.225\textwidth}*{7}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.085\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) \\
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Primary}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textbf{Secondary}}\\ 
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Minimal depression}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textit{Discrete scores}}\\ 
            \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-8}
            & =1 if PHQ8$\leq$4 & =1 if GHQ12$<$3 & PHQ8 & GHQ12 & Self-Esteem & Resilience & Locus of control\\
            \midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Rapid Resurvey (immediate post-intervention)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-both1}
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Midline (12 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-both2}        
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Endline (30 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-both3}    
            \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize 
            \item Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of  IPT-G on the primary and secondary mental health outcomes, comparing the control group to the IPT-G only group; The full sample is used in Panel A as the Cash treatment arm was implemented after the Rapid Resurvey; 
            All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
            Columns 1-2 show results for the primary outcomes, indicators for whether the PHQ-8 score is $\leq4$ or the GHQ-12 score is $<3$; Columns 3-7 show results for the secondary outcomes, the PHQ-8 and GHQ-12 raw scores, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised, and Locus of Control, all in terms of their raw scores; 
            The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes (primary and secondary) and per round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; Sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents. 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

%------------------ Impact of cash on mental health outcomes 

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Impact of adding cash to therapy on mental health.}
        \label{tab:mh_cash_unadj}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.24\textwidth}*{7}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.0825\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) \\
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Primary}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textbf{Secondary}}\\ 
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Minimal depression}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textit{Discrete scores}}\\ 
            \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-8}
            & =1 if PHQ8$\leq$4 & =1 if GHQ12$<$3 & PHQ8 & GHQ12 & Self-Esteem & Resilience & Locus of control\\
            \midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Midline (12 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-both2-cash}        
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Endline (30 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-both3-cash}    
            \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of adding Cash to IPT-G on the primary and secondary mental health outcomes, comparing the IPT-G only group to IPT-G+ group; 
            All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
            Columns 1-2 show results for the primary outcomes, indicators for whether the PHQ-8 score is $\leq4$ or the GHQ-12 score is $<3$; Columns 3-7 show results for the secondary outcomes, the PHQ-8 and GHQ-12 raw scores, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised, and Locus of Control, all in terms of their raw scores; 
            The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes and round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; Sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents. 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

%------------------ Impact of therapy on rapid resurvey human capital outcomes 

\newgeometry{left=1.5in,right=1.5in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in} 
    \begin{landscape}
        \begin{table}[H]
        \centering
            \begin{threeparttable}
                \footnotesize
                \caption{Impact of therapy on human capital accumulation at the rapid resurvey.}
                \label{tab:hc_ther_r1_unadj} 
                \begin{tabular}{p{0.25\textwidth}*{8}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.125\textwidth}}}
                    \toprule\midrule
                    &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6)&(7)&(8) \\  
                    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{Primary outcomes}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{Secondary outcomes}} \\
                    \cmidrule(lr){2-5} \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                    & Desired fertility & Time preferences & Prob. of paid work & Compet-encies & Educ. aspirations &  Pregnant within 5yrs& Married within 5yrs & Life expectancy\\
                    \midrule
                    \multicolumn{9}{l}{\textit{Rapid Resurvey (Immediate post-intervention)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                        \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-sec-ther-r1only}        
                    \midrule \bottomrule
                \end{tabular}
                \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
                    \footnotesize
                    \item Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of IPT-G on the primary and secondary human capital accumulation outcomes at the rapid resurvey, comparing the control group to the IPT-G only group; The full sample is used as the Cash treatment arm was implemented after the Rapid Resurvey; 
                    All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
                    Columns 1-4 show the primary outcomes: Desired fertility (Desired number of children at time of survey), time preferences (prefers 110,000 Uganda Shs in one month instead of 90,000 today), the self-reported probability of engaging in paid work at age 25, and the score obtained on the Competencies test; Columns 4-8 show the secondary outcomes: Educational aspirations (wishes to pursue some tertiary education), would like to become pregnant within 5 years (or if already pregnant), would like to get married within 5 years (or if already married), and perceived life expectancy (the likelihood of being alive at 40); 
                    The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes and per round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; Sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents.
                \end{tablenotes}
            \end{threeparttable}
        \end{table}
    \end{landscape}
\restoregeometry


%------------------ Impact of therapy on mid and endline human capital outcomes 


\newgeometry{left=1in,right=1in,top=0.5in,bottom=0.5in} 
    \begin{landscape}
        \begin{table}[H]
        \centering
            \begin{threeparttable}
                \footnotesize
                \caption{Impact of therapy on human capital accumulation at 12 and 30 months.}
                \label{tab:hc_ther_unadj}
                \begin{tabular}{p{0.25\textwidth}*{9}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.1\textwidth}}}
                    \toprule\midrule
                    &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) &(8) &(9)  \\ 
                    & \multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{Primary outcomes}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Secondary outcomes}} \\
                    \cmidrule(lr){2-7} \cmidrule(lr){8-10}
                    & Enrolled in school & Compet-encies& Self-efficacy& Pregnant & Married & Risky sex & Time prefs. & Paid work & Desired fert. \\
                    \midrule
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                    \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Midline (12 month follow-up)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                        \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-both2}        
                    \midrule\midrule
                    \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Endline (30 month follow-up)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                    \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-both3}  
                    \midrule \bottomrule
                \end{tabular}
                \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
                    \footnotesize
                    \item Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of  IPT-G on the primary and secondary human capital outcomes at midline and endline, comparing the control group to the IPT-G only group; 
                    All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
                    Columns 1-6 show results for the primary outcomes: school enrolment which at midline referred to the period immediately prior to the pandemic and at endline whether they are enrolled in school if school is in session or were enrolled in school when school was last in session (or if they have completed secondary schooling), the score on the Competencies test, the score on the \cite{schwarzer1995generalized} self-efficacy scale, whether they have been pregnant since baseline, whether they have married since baseline, and risky sex (whether they used a condom at their last intercourse); Columns 7-9 show results for the secondary outcomes: Time preferences (prefers 110,000 Uganda shillings in one month instead of 90,000 today), the self-reported probability of engaging in paid work at age 25, and desired fertility (desired number of children at time of survey);       
                    The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes and round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; Sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents. 
                \end{tablenotes}
            \end{threeparttable}
        \end{table}
    \end{landscape}
\restoregeometry

%------------------ Impact of cash on mid and endline human capital outcomes 

\newgeometry{left=1in,right=1in,top=0.5in,bottom=0.5in} 
    \begin{landscape}
        \begin{table}[H]
        \centering
            \begin{threeparttable}
                \footnotesize
                \caption{Impact of adding cash to therapy on human capital accumulation at 12 and 30 months.}
                \label{tab:hc_cash_unadj}
                \begin{tabular}{p{0.25\textwidth}*{9}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.1\textwidth}}}
                    \toprule\midrule
                    &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) &(8) &(9)  \\ 
                    & \multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{Primary outcomes}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Secondary outcomes}} \\
                    \cmidrule(lr){2-7} \cmidrule(lr){8-10}
                    & Enrolled in school & Compet-encies& Self-efficacy& Pregnant & Married & Risky sex & Time prefs. & Paid work & Desired fert. \\
                    \midrule
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                    \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Midline (12 month follow-up)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                        \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-both2-cash}        
                    \midrule\midrule
                    \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Endline (30 month follow-up)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                    \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-both3-cash}  
                    \midrule \bottomrule
                \end{tabular}
                \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
                    \footnotesize
                    \item Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of adding Cash to IPT-G on the primary and secondary human capital accumulation outcomes, comparing the IPT-G only group to IPT-G+ group;  
                    All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
                    Columns 1-6 show results for the primary outcomes: school enrolment which at midline referred to the period immediately prior to the pandemic and at endline whether they are enrolled in school if school is in session or were enrolled in school when school was last in session (or if they have completed secondary schooling), the score on the Competencies test, the score on the \cite{schwarzer1995generalized} self-efficacy scale, whether they have been pregnant since baseline, whether they have married since baseline, and risky sex (whether they used a condom at their last intercourse); Columns 7-9 show results for the secondary outcomes: Time preferences (prefers 110,000 Uganda shillings in one month instead of 90,000 today), the self-reported probability of engaging in paid work at age 25, and desired fertility (desired number of children at time of survey);       
                    The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes and round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; Sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents. 
                \end{tablenotes}
            \end{threeparttable}
        \end{table}
    \end{landscape}
\restoregeometry




%------------------  COVID-19

\newpage

\newgeometry{left=0.5in,right=0.5in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in} 

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Impacts on adolescent's own and perceived household response to COVID-19.}
        \label{tab:covid_cash_ther}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.27\textwidth}*{6}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.09\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) & (5) & (6)  \\
            & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{Adolescent's own response}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Perceived HH response}} \\
            \cmidrule(lr){2-5}\cmidrule(lr){6-7}
            & Get angry more quickly & Arguing more often & Talk about problems &  Worry about health & Increased stress in HH & HH lost some income \\
            \midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Midline (12 month follow-up)}} \\ 
            \addlinespace[3pt]
               \primitiveinput{Tables/results-covid-revised-2}
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Endline (30 month follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
               \primitiveinput{Tables/results-covid-revised-3}
            \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular} 
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item  Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of IPT-G and IPT-G+ on adolescents' perceptions of their households' and their own response to COVID-19; 
            All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with all treatment indicators; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking;
            Outcomes in columns 1 to 4 are binary indicators for the adolescent respondent saying that they responded to COVID-19 by: ``Getting angry more quickly", ``Arguing more often", ``Talking more often about problems with your family to find solutions", ``Fearing and worrying about your own health and the health of your loved ones"; Columns 5 shows whether the respondent agrees or partially agrees that COVID-19 has increased stress in their household; Column 6 indicates whether the respondent thinks their household lost some, most, or all of their income due to COVID-19;
            The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes and round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; Sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of adolescents. 
        \end{tablenotes} 
    \end{threeparttable} 
\end{table}

\restoregeometry

















%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% APPENDIX
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\appendix 

\newpage
\vspace*{\fill}
{
\centering
\large{\textbf{Appendix: \\ Therapy, Mental Health, and Human Capital Accumulation among Adolescents in Uganda}} \\
\vspace{12pt}
}
\vspace*{\fill}
\clearpage

% set counter for the appendix tables and figures
\counterwithin{figure}{section}
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{\Alph{section}\arabic{figure}}
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\newpage 



%----------------------------------------- TABLES --------------------------------------------%

%----------------------------------
\section{Appendix Tables}
\label{sec:appendix_tables}
%----------------------------------

%------------------ Attrition with covariate coefficients 
\newpage
\thispagestyle{empty}
\vspace{-20pt}
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Attrition by treatment and baseline covariates.}
        \label{tab:attrition_blcovars}
        \begin{tabular}{l*{6}{c}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6)  \\
            \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-5}\cmidrule(lr){6-7}
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Rapid Resurvey}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Midline}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Endline}}\\
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Immediate post-intervention}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{12 months}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{24 months}}\\    
            \primitiveinput{Tables/attrition_blcovars} 
            \midrule\bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \item Notes: * p$<$0.10, ** p$<$0.05, *** p$<$0.01; This table shows the impact of treatment on attrition in each survey round; All models also include block fixed effect centered and fully interacted with treatments; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; t-tests report p-values from the indicated null hypothesis on the treatment coefficients; F-tests report p-values from tests of the joint orthogonality of the full set of indicated coefficients. 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

%------------------ Stats on phq by attendance

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Mean outcomes by levels of attendance at the rapid resurvey.}
        \label{tab:phq_by_attendance}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.225\textwidth}*{5}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.1\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4)  \\
           Attendance & =1 if PHQ8$\leq$4 & PHQ8 Score & =1 if GHQ12$<$3 & GHQ12-Score & Obs. \\
            \midrule
                \primitiveinput{Tables/attendance_mean_outcomes1}
            \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular} 
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: Each cell shows the average outcome in each round by the level of attendance. IPT-G and IPT-G+ groups are combined in the rapid resurvey round. 
        \end{tablenotes} 
    \end{threeparttable} 
\end{table}



%------------------ Impacts on mental health outcomes 

\newgeometry{left=0.5in,right=0.5in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in} 

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Impacts on mental health outcomes.} 
        \label{tab:mh_combined_unadj}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.25\textwidth}*{7}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.08\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) \\
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Primary}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textbf{Secondary}}\\ 
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Minimal depression}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textit{Discrete scores}}\\ 
            \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-8}
            & =1 if PHQ8$\leq$4 & =1 if GHQ12$<$3 & PHQ8 & GHQ12 & Self-Esteem & Resilience & Locus of control\\
            \midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Rapid Resurvey (immediate post-intervention)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-revised-1}
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Midline (12 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-revised-2} 
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Endline (30 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-revised-3}    
            \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: \textit{See following page...} 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\restoregeometry

This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of  IPT-G and IPT-G+ on the primary and secondary mental health outcomes; The treatment indicators are combined in Panel A as the Cash treatment arm was implemented after the Rapid Resurvey; 
All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with all treatment indicators; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
Columns 1-2 show results for the primary outcomes, indicators for whether the PHQ-8 score is $\leq4$ or the GHQ-12 score is $<3$; Columns 3-7 show results for the secondary outcomes, the PHQ-8 and GHQ-12 raw scores, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised, and Locus of Control, all in terms of their raw scores; 
The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within the primary or the secondary set of outcomes per round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; 
Differences in the sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents. 


\newgeometry{left=0.5in,right=0.5in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in} 

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Impacts on mental health outcomes, adjusted estimates.} 
        \label{tab:mh_combined_adj}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.25\textwidth}*{7}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.08\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) \\
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Primary}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textbf{Secondary}}\\ 
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Minimal depression}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textit{Discrete scores}}\\ 
            \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-8}
            & =1 if PHQ8$\leq$4 & =1 if GHQ12$<$3 & PHQ8 & GHQ12 & Self-Esteem & Resilience & Locus of control\\
            \midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Rapid Resurvey (immediate post-intervention)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-revised-1-adj}
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Midline (12 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-revised-2-adj} 
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Endline (30 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-revised-3-adj}    
            \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: \textit{See following page...} 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\restoregeometry
            Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of  IPT-G and IPT-G+ on the primary and secondary mental health outcomes; The treatment indicators are combined in Panel A as the Cash treatment arm was implemented after the Rapid Resurvey; 
            All regression models include randomization block fixed effects and baseline covariates centered and fully interacted with treatment, covariates are the poverty probability score, age, ever married, ever pregnant, and the baseline PHQ-8 score; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
            Columns 1-2 show results for the primary outcomes, indicators for whether the PHQ-8 score is $\leq4$ or the GHQ-12 score is $<3$; Columns 3-7 show results for the secondary outcomes, the PHQ-8 and GHQ-12 raw scores, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised, and Locus of Control, all in terms of their raw scores; 
            The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes (primary and secondary) and per round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; 
            Differences in the sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents. 




%------------------ Impact of therapy on mental health outcomes LATE ESTIMATES (UNADJUSTED) 

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Impact of therapy on mental health outcomes, LATE estimates.}
        \label{tab:mh_ther_late}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.25\textwidth}*{7}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.085\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) \\
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Primary}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textbf{Secondary}}\\ 
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Minimal depression}}&\multicolumn{5}{c}{\textit{Discrete scores}}\\ 
            \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-8}
            & =1 if PHQ8$\leq$4 & =1 if GHQ12$<$3 & PHQ8 & GHQ12 & Self-Esteem & Resilience & Locus of control\\
            \midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Rapid Resurvey (immediate post-intervention)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-late1}
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Midline (12 month follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-late2}        
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Endline (30 month follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-late3}      
            \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: This table shows LATE-IV estimates of the impact of  IPT-G on mental health outcomes; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; The full sample is used in Panel A as the Cash treatment arm was implemented after the Rapid Resurvey;
            LATE estimates instrument having attended therapy (at least one session) with assignment to the IPT-G treatment group; All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment, interactions between attending therapy and the centered blocks are instrumented with respective interactions between assigned to treatment and the centered blocks; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking;
            Columns 1-2 show results for the primary outcomes, indicators for whether the PHQ-8 score is $\leq4$ or the GHQ-12 score is $<3$; Columns 3-7 show results for the secondary outcomes, the PHQ-8 and GHQ-12 raw scores, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised, and Locus of Control, all in terms of their raw scores; 
            The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients; The first stage F-stat. refers to the Cragg-Donald Wald F-statistic.  
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}


%------------------ Impact of therapy on moderate and severe depression 


\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Impacts on moderate and severe depression.} 
        \label{tab:mh_mdd}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.3\textwidth}*{4}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.125\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) \\
            \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-5}
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Moderate depression}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Severe depression}}\\ 
            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{PHQ8$\geq$10}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{PHQ8$\geq$15}}\\ 
            \midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Rapid Resurvey (immediate post-intervention)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-mdd-revised-1}
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Midline (12 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-mdd-revised-2}        
            \midrule\midrule
            \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Endline (30 months follow-up)}} \\
            \addlinespace[3pt]
                \primitiveinput{Tables/results-mh-mdd-revised-3}    
            \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: \textit{See following page...}
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\newpage
This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of  IPT-G and IPT-G+ on the primary and secondary mental health outcomes; The treatment indicators are combined in Panel A as the Cash treatment arm was implemented after the Rapid Resurvey; 
All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment, adjusted models also include baseline covariates are the poverty probability score, age, ever married, ever pregnant, and the baseline PHQ-8 score, also centered and interacted; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
Columns 1-2 show results for having a PHQ8 score $\geq$10, which indicates symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder, and columns 3-4 for having a PHQ8 score $\geq$15, which indicates symptoms of severe depression \citep{kroenke2009phq}; 
The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes (primary and secondary) and per round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; Sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents. 




\newpage

%------------------ Impact of therapy on human capital outcomes at rapid resurvey ADJUSTED ESTIMATES

\newgeometry{left=1.5in,right=1.5in,top=0.75in,bottom=0.75in} 
    \begin{landscape}
        \begin{table}[H]
        \centering
            \begin{threeparttable}
                \footnotesize
                \caption{Impact of therapy on human capital accumulation at the rapid resurvey, adjusted estimates.}
                \label{tab:hc_ther_r1_adj} 
                \begin{tabular}{p{0.25\textwidth}*{8}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.125\textwidth}}}
                    \toprule\midrule
                    &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6)&(7)&(8) \\  
                    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{Primary outcomes}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{Secondary outcomes}} \\
                    \cmidrule(lr){2-5} \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                    & Desired fertility & Time preferences & Prob. of paid work & Compet-encies & Educ. aspirations &  Pregnant within 5yrs& Married within 5yrs & Life expectancy\\
                    \midrule
                    \multicolumn{9}{l}{\textit{Rapid Resurvey (Immediate post-intervention)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                        \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-sec-ther-r1only_adj}        
                    \midrule \bottomrule
                \end{tabular}
                \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
                    \footnotesize
                    \item Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of IPT-G on the primary and secondary human capital accumulation outcomes at the rapid resurvey, comparing the control group to the IPT-G only group; The full sample is used as the Cash treatment arm was implemented after the Rapid Resurvey; 
                    All regression models include randomization block fixed effects and baseline covariates centered and fully interacted with treatment, covariates are the poverty probability score, age, ever married, ever pregnant, and the baseline PHQ-8 score; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking;
                    Columns 1-4 show the primary outcomes: Desired fertility (Desired number of children at time of survey), time preferences (prefers 110,000 Uganda shillings in one month instead of 90,000 today), the self-reported probability of engaging in paid work at age 25, and the score obtained on the Competencies test (total score (0-3) on set of questions on ability to make change that test numeracy and literacy); Columns 4-8 show the secondary outcomes: Educational aspirations (wishes to pursue some tertiary education), would like to become pregnant within 5 years (or if already pregnant), would like to get married within 5 years (or if already married), and perceived life expectancy (the likelihood of being alive at 40); 
                    The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes and per round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; Sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents.
                \end{tablenotes}
            \end{threeparttable}
        \end{table}
    \end{landscape}
\restoregeometry




%------------------ Impact of therapy on mid and endline human capital outcomes 


\newgeometry{left=0.5in,right=0.5in,top=0.25in,bottom=0.25in} 
    \begin{landscape}
        \begin{table}[H]
        \centering
            \begin{threeparttable}
                \footnotesize
                \caption{Impacts on human capital accumulation at 12 and 30 months.}
                \label{tab:hc_combined_unadj}
                \begin{tabular}{p{0.3\textwidth}*{9}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.08\textwidth}}}
                    \toprule\midrule
                    &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) &(8) &(9)  \\ 
                    & \multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{Primary outcomes}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Secondary outcomes}} \\
                    \cmidrule(lr){2-7} \cmidrule(lr){8-10}
                    & Enrolled in school & Compet-encies& Self-efficacy& Pregnant & Married & Risky sex & Time prefs. & Paid work & Desired fert. \\
                    \midrule
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                    \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Midline (12 month follow-up)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                        \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-revised-2}        
                    \midrule\midrule
                    \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Endline (30 month follow-up)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                    \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-revised-3}  
                    \midrule \bottomrule
                \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: \textit{See following page...}
        \end{tablenotes}
            \end{threeparttable}
        \end{table}
    \end{landscape}
\restoregeometry

Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of  IPT-G and IPT-G+ on the primary and secondary human capital accumulation outcomes; 
All regression models include randomization block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
Columns 1-6 show results for the primary outcomes: school enrolment which at midline referred to the period immediately prior to the pandemic and at endline whether they are enrolled in school if school is in session or were enrolled in school when school was last in session (or if they have completed secondary schooling), the score on the Competencies test, the score on the \cite{schwarzer1995generalized} self-efficacy scale, whether they have been pregnant since baseline, whether they have married since baseline, and risky sex (whether they used a condom at their last intercourse); Columns 7-9 show results for the secondary outcomes: Time preferences (prefers 110,000 Uganda Shillings in one month instead of 90,000 today), the self-reported probability of engaging in paid work at age 25, and desired fertility (desired number of children at time of survey);       
The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within the primary or the secondary set of outcomes per round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; 
Sample size differences across outcomes are due to missing data and shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents. 



\newgeometry{left=0.5in,right=0.5in,top=0.5in,bottom=0.5in} 
    \begin{landscape}
        \begin{table}[H]
        \centering
            \begin{threeparttable}
                \footnotesize
                \caption{Impacts on human capital accumulation at 12 and 30 months, adjusted estimates.}
                \label{tab:hc_combined_adj}
                \begin{tabular}{p{0.275\textwidth}*{9}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.08\textwidth}}}
                    \toprule\midrule
                    &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6) &(7) &(8) &(9)  \\ 
                    & \multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{Primary outcomes}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Secondary outcomes}} \\
                    \cmidrule(lr){2-7} \cmidrule(lr){8-10}
                    & Enrolled in school & Compet-encies& Self-efficacy& Pregnant & Married & Risky sex & Time prefs. & Paid work & Desired fert. \\
                    \midrule
                    \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Midline (12 month follow-up)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                        \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-revised-2-adj}        
                    \midrule\midrule
                    \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Endline (30 month follow-up)}} \\
                    \addlinespace[3pt]
                        \primitiveinput{Tables/results-hc-revised-3-adj}  
                    \midrule \bottomrule
                \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: \textit{See following page...}
        \end{tablenotes}
            \end{threeparttable}
        \end{table}
    \end{landscape}
\restoregeometry

                    Notes: This table shows ITT estimates of the impact of  IPT-G and IPT-G+ on the primary and secondary human capital accumulation outcomes; 
                    All regression models include randomization block fixed effects and baseline covariates centered and fully interacted with treatment, covariates are the poverty probability score, age, ever married, ever pregnant, and the baseline PHQ-8 score; Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses; Estimates at endline are weighted to account for the probability of selection for intensive tracking; 
                    Columns 1-6 show results for the primary outcomes: school enrolment which at midline referred to the period immediately prior to the pandemic and at endline whether they are enrolled in school if school is in session or were enrolled in school when school was last in session (or if they have completed secondary schooling), the score on the Competencies test (total score (0-3) on set of questions on ability to make change that test numeracy and literacy) , the score on the \cite{schwarzer1995generalized} self-efficacy scale, whether they have been pregnant since baseline, whether they have married since baseline, and risky sex (whether they used a condom at their last intercourse); Columns 7-9 show results for the secondary outcomes: Time preferences (prefers 110,000 Uganda Shillings in one month instead of 90,000 today), the self-reported probability of engaging in paid work at age 25, and desired fertility (desired number of children at time of survey);       
                    The rows marked as \textit{H0:...} show the p-value for a t-test of the indicated null hypothesis on the regression coefficients and the corresponding q-values adjusting for the false discovery rate within primary and secondary outcomes and round, as per \cite{benjamini1995controlling}; Sample size differences across outcomes are due to shorter tracking questionnaires being administered to difficult-to-reach subsets of respondents.









%------------------ Attrition bounds for IPT-G+ (compared to IPT-G) on mental health 


\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Attrition bounds, impact of adding cash to therapy on mental health.}
        \label{tab:mh-cash-bounds}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.15\textwidth}*{7}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.095\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6)&(7) \\  
            & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Lower bounds}} & \textbf{Baseline} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Upper bounds}} \\
            \cmidrule(lr){2-4} \cmidrule(lr){6-8}
            & -.25 SD & -.1 SD & Lee & & Lee & +.1 SD & +.25 SD  \\
            \midrule
            \addlinespace[3pt]
             \multicolumn{8}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Midline (12 month follow-up)}} \\
             \addlinespace[3pt]
                 \primitiveinput{Tables/bounds-mh-cash-2}
             \midrule\midrule
             \multicolumn{8}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Endline (30 month follow-up)}} \\
             \addlinespace[3pt]
                 \primitiveinput{Tables/bounds-mh-cash-3}
             \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: * p$<$0.10, ** p$<$0.05, *** p$<$0.01; This table shows robustness to attrition of the ITT estimates of the impact of adding cash to IPT-G to attrition on the primary mental health outcomes; Column 4 shows the baseline unadjusted estimates shown in Table \ref{tab:mh_cash_unadj}; 
            Columns 3 and 5 show results using the \cite{lee2009training} bounded estimator, which consists of trimming the top/bottom of the control/treatment group by the percent difference in attrition rates between the treatment and control groups (the group with the lower attrition rate is trimmed), controls include only the block  fixed effects, robust standard errors in square brackets; 
            Columns 1-2 and 6-7 show results using \cite{horowitz2000nonparametric} as in  \cite{kling2007experimental}, which replace the outcomes of attritors with ±0.x standard deviations of their respective treatment group-survey round means, lower bounds subtract this value from the treatment group and add it to the control group and vice versa for the upper bounds, controls include the block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment, Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses. 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}




%------------------ Attrition bounds for IPT-G+ (compared to IPT-G) on human capital


\begin{table}[H]
\centering
    \begin{threeparttable}
        \footnotesize
        \caption{Attrition bounds, impact of adding cash to therapy on human capital.}
        \label{tab:hc-cash-bounds}
        \begin{tabular}{p{0.175\textwidth}*{7}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}m{0.095\textwidth}}}
            \toprule\midrule
            &(1) &(2) &(3) & (4) &(5) &(6)&(7) \\  
            & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Lower bounds}} & \textbf{Baseline} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Upper bounds}} \\
            \cmidrule(lr){2-4} \cmidrule(lr){6-8}
            & -.25 SD & -.1 SD & Lee & & Lee & +.1 SD & +.25 SD  \\
            \midrule
            \addlinespace[3pt]
             \multicolumn{8}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Midline (12 month follow-up)}} \\
             \addlinespace[3pt]
                 \primitiveinput{Tables/bounds-hc-cash-2}
             \midrule\midrule
             \multicolumn{8}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Endline (30 month follow-up)}} \\
             \addlinespace[3pt]
                 \primitiveinput{Tables/bounds-hc-cash-3}
             \midrule \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \begin{tablenotes}[para,flushleft]
            \footnotesize
            \item Notes: * p$<$0.10, ** p$<$0.05, *** p$<$0.01; This table shows robustness to attrition of the ITT estimates of the impact of adding cash to IPT-G on the primary human capital accumulation outcomes; Column 4 shows the baseline unadjusted estimates shown in Table \ref{tab:hc_cash_unadj}; 
            Columns 3 and 5 show results using the \cite{lee2009training} bounded estimator, which consists of trimming the top/bottom of the control/treatment group by the percent difference in attrition rates between the treatment and control groups (the group with the lower attrition rate is trimmed), controls include only the block fixed effects, robust standard errors in square brackets; 
            Columns 1-2 and 6-7 show results using \cite{horowitz2000nonparametric} as in  \cite{kling2007experimental}, which replace the outcomes of attritors with ±0.x standard deviations of their respective treatment group-survey round means, lower bounds subtract this value from the treatment group and add it to the control group and vice versa for the upper bounds, controls include the block fixed effects centered and fully interacted with treatment, Standard errors clustered at the club level in parentheses. 
        \end{tablenotes}
    \end{threeparttable}
\end{table}




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